The land on which a people relies for its sustenance and identity is alienated, expropriated, or destroyed through intentional despoliation, as a consequence of settler colonialism, industry, war, or the use of pollutants and toxins, for whatever motives, resulting in reasonably predictable decline in the health, mental and physical strength, longevity, and reproductive capacity of a group. Often, groups are unable to sustain collective life abroad after expulsion or on the land as a consequence of despoliation. In the latter case they often must move, individually or en masse, to neighboring regions or countries, becoming IDPs and refugees. Land alienation and environmental despoilation are often accompanied by purposeful cultural despoilation